Andrew B. Collier / @datawookie

Pyomo is another flexible Open Source optimisation modelling language for Python. It can be used to define, solve, and analyse a wide range of optimisation problems, including Linear Programming (LP) and Mixed-Integer Programming (MIP), nonlinear programming (NLP), and differential equations.

📢 The book Hands-On Mathematical Optimization with Python (available free online) is an excellent resource on optimisation with Python and Pyomo.

CVXPY is a powerful, Open Source optimization modelling library for Python. It provides an interface for defining, solving, and analysing a wide range of convex optimization problems, including Linear Programming (LP), Quadratic Programming (QP), Second-Order Cone Programming (SOCP), and Semidefinite Programming (SDP).

SciPy is a general-purpose scientific computing library for Python, with an optimize module for optimisation.

We will be considering two types of optimisation problems: sequential optimisation and global optimisation. These approaches can be applied to the same problem but will generally yield distinctly different results. Depending on your objective one or the other might be the best fit for your problem.

I’m evaluating optimisation systems for application to a large scale solar energy optimisation project. My primary concerns are with efficiency, flexibility and usability. Ideally I’d like to evaluate all of them on a single, well defined problem. And, furthermore, that problem should at least resemble the solar energy project.

In a previous post I looked at the HTTP request headers used to manage browser caching. In this post I’ll look at a real world example. It’s a rather deep dive into something that’s actually quite simple. However, I find it helpful for my understanding to pick things apart and understand how all of the components fit together.

In this post I’ll be testing the proxy service provided by NetNut. For a bit of context take a look at my What is a Proxy? post.

A proxy is a server or software that acts as an intermediary between a client (often a web browser) and one or more servers, typically on the internet. Proxies are used for a variety of purposes, including improving security, enhancing privacy, managing network traffic, and bypassing restrictions.

I recently migrated this blog from GitLab Pages to Vercel. There were two main reasons for the move:

1. The blog was taking too long to build on GitLab Pages, which hindered efficient updates and added unnecessary delays to my workflow. Admittedly, this was partially my own doing since my build process was far too complicated.
2. I want to have greater control over redirects (specifically the ability to redirect URLs that didn’t end in a slash to ones that did, which was apparently important for SEO purposes).

For a side project I needed to scrape data for the NYSE Composite Index going back as far as possible.

In a previous post I looked at retrieving a list of assets from the Alpaca API using the {alpacar} R package. Now we’ll explore how to retrieve historical and current price data.

How to list assets available to trade via the Alpaca API using the {alpacar} R package.

The {alpacar} package for R is a wrapper around the Alpaca API. API documentation can be found here. In this introductory post I show how to install and load the package, then authenticate with the API and retrieve account information.

A few days ago I wrote about a scraper for gathering economic calendar data. Well, I’m back again to write about another aspect of the same project: acquiring earnings calendar data.

Avoiding data duplication is a persistent challenge with acquiring data from websites or APIs. You can try to brute force it: pull the data again and then compare it locally to establish whether it’s fresh or stale. But there are other approaches that, if supported, can make this a lot simpler.

If you use Selenium for browser automation then at some stage you are likely to need to download a file by clicking a button or link on a website. Sometimes this just works. Other times it doesn’t.

I needed an offline copy of an economic calendar with all of the major international economic events. After grubbing around the internet I found the Economic Calendar on Myfxbook which had everything that I needed.

A few months ago I listened to an episode on the Founder’s Journal podcast that reviewed an essay, The Opportunity Cost of Everything, by Jack Raines. If you haven’t read it, then I suggest you invest 10 minutes in doing so. It will be time well spent.

Cloudflare is a service that aims improve the performance and security of websites. It operates as a content delivery network (CDN) to ensure faster load times and consequently better user experience. However, it also protects against online threats by filtering “malicious” traffic.

Web scraping requests are often deemed to be malicious (certainly by Cloudflare!) and thus blocked. There are various approaches to circumventing this, most of which involve running a live browser instance. For some applications though, this is a bit hammer for a small nail. The cloudscraper package provides a lightweight option for dealing with Cloudflare and has an API similar to the requests package.

cURL is the ultimate Swiss Army Knife for interacting with network protocols. But to be honest, I really only scratch the surface of what’s possible. Usually my workflow is something like this:

1. Copy a cURL command from my browser’s Developer Tools.
2. Test out the cURL command in a terminal.
3. Convert the cURL command into a programming language (normally Python or R).
4. Prosper.

I’m going to take a look at my favourite online tool for converting a cURL command to code and then see what other tools there, focusing on Python and R as target languages.